Education & learning

a standard used for judging or deciding something (plural: criteria)

标准；准则

• Relevance to the topic is the most important criterion for grading the essay.
• Applicants must meet several criteria before being shortlisted.
• The main criterion for success was whether patients recovered faster.

Collocations: meet a criterion · the main criterion · selection criteria

complete and including everything that is necessary

全面的；综合性的

• The report offers a comprehensive review of renewable energy policy.
• A comprehensive exam covers material from the entire course.
• Comprehensive health coverage remains out of reach for many families.

Collocations: a comprehensive review · comprehensive coverage · a comprehensive approach

logical and well organized; easy to follow

连贯的；条理清晰的

• A coherent essay links each paragraph clearly to the thesis.
• The government has yet to present a coherent plan for reducing emissions.
• Her argument was coherent, but it rested on questionable assumptions.

Collocations: a coherent argument · coherent plan · remain coherent

to be a typical example of something, or to give an example

例证；是…的典型

• The city's new tram system exemplifies how public transport can reduce congestion.
• This case exemplifies a broader trend across the industry.
• The essay uses three case studies to exemplify its argument.

Collocations: exemplify a trend · perfectly exemplifies · exemplify how

to continue to have or keep something

保留；留住

• Companies struggle to retain skilled staff in a competitive job market.
• The soil retains moisture better after organic matter is added.
• Students retain vocabulary longer when they use it in context.

Collocations: retain staff · retain moisture · retain information

based on what is generally done or believed; traditional

传统的；常规的

• Conventional wisdom held that the market would keep growing indefinitely.
• The school abandoned conventional lecture formats for group projects.
• Electric vehicles are gradually replacing conventional cars.

Collocations: conventional wisdom · a conventional approach · conventional methods

a change or process of changing from one state or stage to another

过渡；转变

• The country is undergoing a slow transition from coal to renewable energy.
• Many students find the transition to university challenging at first.
• Clear transition words help readers follow the logic of an essay.

Collocations: transition to · a smooth transition · in transition

to combine separate ideas, facts, or substances into a single coherent whole

综合；合成

• A strong research paper synthesizes findings from multiple studies.
• The body synthesizes vitamin D when the skin is exposed to sunlight.
• Her lecture synthesized decades of research into a single clear framework.

Collocations: synthesize information · synthesize findings · synthesize evidence

based on observation or experiment rather than theory alone

经验主义的；实证的

• The claim lacks empirical support and remains largely speculative.
• Empirical evidence from three separate trials pointed to the same conclusion.
• Good science combines theory with careful empirical testing.

Collocations: empirical evidence · empirical research · empirical data

to repeat or reproduce something exactly

复制；重复进行

• Other laboratories were unable to replicate the original results.
• The pilot program was later replicated in twelve other cities.
• Replicating a study is one of the best ways to confirm its findings.

Collocations: replicate a study · replicate results · successfully replicated